|
Civil law is a branch of the law.〔Glanville Williams. ''Learning the Law''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 2.〕 In common law countries such as England, Wales, and the United States, the term refers to non-criminal law.〔〔W J Stewart and Robert Burgess. ''Collins Dictionary of Law''. HarperCollins Publishers. 1996. ISBN 0 00 470009 0. Page 68. Definition 4 of "civil law".〕 The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts is part of the civil law.〔Glanville Williams. ''Learning the Law''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. pp. 2 and 9 and 10〕 The law of property is embraced by civil law.〔Card, Richard. ''Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law''. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. Paragraph 1.3 at page 1.〕 Civil law can, like criminal law, be divided into substantive law and procedural law.〔Glanville Williams. ''Learning the Law''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 19.〕 The rights and duties of individuals amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law.〔Card, Richard. ''Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law''. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. Paragraph 1.2 at page 1.〕 It is often suggested that civil proceedings are taken for the purpose of obtaining compensation for injury, and may thus be distinguished from criminal proceedings, whose purpose is to inflict punishment. However, exemplary or punitive damages may be awarded in civil proceedings. It was also formerly possible for common informers to sue for a penalty in civil proceedings.〔Owen Hood Phillips. ''A First Book of English Law''. Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1960. pp 208 & 209.〕 Because some courts have both civil and criminal jurisdiction, civil proceedings cannot be defined as those taken in civil courts.〔Owen Hood Phillips. ''A First Book of English Law''. Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1960. p 208.〕 In the United States, the expression "civil courts" is used as a "shorthand for trial courts in civil cases".〔Baum, Lawrence. American Courts: Process and Policy. Seventh Edition. Cengage Learning. 2012. Chapter 7. (p 139 ).〕 In England, the burden of proof in civil proceedings is in general, with a number of exceptions such as committal proceedings for civil contempt, proof on a balance of probabilities.〔Keane and McKeown. ''The Modern Law of Evidence''. Ninth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780199698325. (p 108 ).〕 In civil cases in the Maldives, the burden of proof requires the plaintiff to convince the court of the plaintiff's entitlement to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim, or cause of action in order to recover.〔Husnu Al Suood. ''The Maldivian Legal System''. Maldives Law Institute. 2014. (p 214 ).〕 ==See also== *Civil code *Administrative law *Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Civil law (common law)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|